This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2006, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted.
Two East Coast hikers died Sunday and Monday while participating in organized programs under scorching temperatures in southern Utah's redrock country.
The question is why?
Autopsies scheduled for Wednesday may reveal the physical causes of death for Elisa D. Santry, 16, of Boston, and Dave Bushow, 29, of River Vale, N.J.
But other questions will linger.
Why were they hiking in such extreme heat? Had they consumed enough water and electrolytes? Did their guides have experience in recognizing heat exhaustion?
Circumstances surrounding their deaths were ripe for tragedy, according to veteran desert hiker and backpacker Steve Lewis.
"The jump from heat exhaustion to heat stroke can be very quick. I call it the 'silent stalker.' It can grab the most resilient hiker," he said Wednesday. "But an experienced hiker knows you don't plan hikes for the middle of the day when temperatures are that high."
Santry was on the 16th day of a 22-day Outward Bound "multi-element" course that included hiking, backpacking and rafting. On the day of her death, she was hiking in temperatures of up to 110 degrees in the Lockhart Canyon area near Canyonlands National Park, according to the San Juan County Sheriff's Office.
By contrast, Bushow was on the first day of a 28-day survival course offered by the Boulder Outdoor Survival School. Temperatures were in the mid-to-high 90s as he climbed through the rugged Cottonwood Wash of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. He carried no water.
State regulations for wilderness-therapy programs disallow hiking in temperatures above 90 degrees and demand consumption of at least three quarts of water when temperatures top 80 degrees. But volunteer programs, such as Outward Bound and Boulder Outdoor Survival School, are not regulated, according to Ken Stettler, director of the licensing office for the state Department of Human Services.
Both victims were in areas where heat is reflected off sand and canyon walls, and high temperatures are intensified, Lewis said. If they were unfamiliar with desert hiking, they might not have recognized the peril they were in.
"If you're in sandy or rocky areas, you get the furnace effect," he said. "People who don't have experience [with heat exhaustion] can't relate to what is happening to them. And then, a truck just hits you."
Santry became separated from her party, as the group of six hiked toward rafts waiting for them at the Colorado River, according to Mickey Freeman, Outward Bound Wilderness.
Her colleagues noticed her missing about 6 p.m. Her body was found about 11 p.m. There was water remaining in her bottle.
"We've never had a heat-related death, or a water-dehydration death, in 45 years," Freeman said.
Bushow was at the end of the first day of what is called "impact days," where participants are not allowed to carry food or water, according to Diane Nagler of the Boulder, Colo.- based survival school.
"Although you don't carry food and water with you, the instructor guides you to food and water in nature," she said. Participants "don't carry water bottles, but they do carry cups."
Bushow, who had complained of muscle cramps and fatigue, sat down at 7:30 p.m. to rest and apparently passed out. A few minutes later, his companions could find no pulse.
Survival school guides are certified through the Wilderness Medicine Institute of Nols, Nagler noted. The 10-day, first-responder program extensively covers heat exhaustion, its warning signs and treatment, she said.
Outward Bound instructors receive extensive first-responder training and are always looking for warning signs of heat exhaustion, said Freeman.
Lewis said backcountry hikers and guides must be flexible enough to modify hikes when temperatures soar to the mid-90s.
"The leadership of those groups should have had enough sense to change plans, to get in the shade and stay there. People who don't change plans walk into a trap," he said.
"That's what happens. They roll the dice and people die."
Precautions for hiking in weather above 90 degrees
* Seek protection under a wide-brimmed, ventilated hat.
* Keep body temperature down with lightweight, loose-fitting clothing.
* Wear sunscreen on exposed skin.
* Drink enough water to cause urination.
* Keep electrolytes up by drinking sports drinks.
* Stay in the shade between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.